Fairy fort / stone ringfort in Togherstown

Situated on NNE facing slope of Ushnagh Hill with barrow (WM024-025----) immediately to N, moated site (WM024-029----) 110m to E and Rathfarson (WM024-027----) 150m to W. The townland boundary with Ushnagh Hill lies immediately to S. This monument was excavated between 1929-30 by Macalister and Praeger and during the excavations they uncovered a spiral-decorated stone (WM024-028001-) which formed part of the pavement in the middle of Court A (Macalister and Praeger 1929-31, 77), a house site (WM024-028002-) and two souterrains (WM024-028003-/004-). Prior to excavation the monument was described as following; 'The structure consists of the following parts: 1. The Outer Fosse, now almost completely filled, and represented by a shallow depression in the ground, running round the entire site, but most clearly traceable to the north-west and the east. 2. The Outer Vallum, much abraded. 3. The Outer Area, divided irregularly by cross walls radiating like the spokes of a wheel (here called the Radial Walls). 4. The Inner Fosse, resembling the Outer Fosse, and, like it, almost completely filled. 5. The Inner Vallum, in much better condition than the Outer Vallum, and enclosing 6. The Inner Area, raised to a height of about 5 ft. [1.5m], above the level of the surrounding country, on the southern and western sides. This area displayed a number of irregularities of surface, evidently due to the presence of the buried foundations of walls. These were so vague that, before excavation, no satisfactory plan could have been made of them' (Macalister and Praeger 1929-31, 55). Excavation of the outer fosse revealed that the ditch was 'found it to be uniform in character throughout, though the dimensions varied slightly from place to place. The breadth at the surface ranged from 9 ft. [2.7m] to 11 ft. 6 ins. [3.5m]: the depth from 6 ft. 10 ins. [2.08m] to 8 ft. [2.4m]. The sides slope inward; the breadth at the bottom was about 2 ft. 6 ins [0.76m]' (ibid.). The outer vallum was described as 'essentially composed of the earth taken out of the fosse which runs alongside of it; there is no indication that any of this material was cast up on the outer side of the fosse. Stones are mingled with the earth; these were probably embedded in the drift material extracted from the fosse. The outer face of the vallum seems to have been revetted with stones above the level of the filling of the fosse and therefore after the fosse had been filled up. Most of this revetment has however been removed by builders of field-walls and the like constructions, in search of stones. A few cow-bones were found in the earth of the vallum, underneath the stone revetment. The vallum was best preserved on the northern side, where it rose to a maximum height of 5 ft. 6 ins. [1.67m] outside, and 2 ft. [0.6m] inside. To the E. and S. it was much injured- indeed, between about the N.N.E. and the E. points it had absolutely disappeared, and even excavation failed to reveal the slightest trace of it' (ibid.). The area between the two enclosing banks was described by Macalister and Praeger as; 'Between the two ramparts there is a flat annular area, ranging in breadth between 40 and 58 feet [12-15m]. On the N. and W. sides the area was divided into sections by the Radial Walls. This First Radial Wall is 52 feet [16m] long and 3 ft. 6 ins. [1m] broad. In its present form it rises about 2 feet [0.6m] above the level of the ground' (ibid). The inner fosse and bank was described as 'similar in section to the Outer Fosse, but is of smaller size. So far as we tested it, the depth is nowhere over 6 ft. [1.8m]; the breadth at top ranges between 7 ft. 6 ins. [2.3m] and 9 ft. [2.7m], except at the entrance cause way, where it is as much as 11 ft. [3.35m]. The inner face of the fosse is covered with a revetment, extending from the top of the Inner Vallum to the bottom of the ditch, and evidently original. The Inner Vallum, though much better preserved than the Outer Vallum, is not in good condition; when we saw it first we counted seven breaches, any or all of which might have been original entrances. Sections across the wall shewed that it was fundamentally of earth, with a sloping stone revetment on the outer face, and a well-built vertical revetment on the inner. The outer revetment was also well built, on the whole. It ran down the face of the wall to the bottom of the fosse outside it, and therefore must have been built while the fosse was still open. The maximum height of the revetment above the bottom of the fosse is 8 feet [2.4m]; how much higher it may have been when complete there is nothing to shew, but it is not likely to have been less than 15 or 16 feet [4.8m] high in all. On the inner side the vallum nowhere rose to more than 2 ft. [0.6m] above the level of the enclosed area. From summit to summit the diameter of the ring of the vallum is about 110ft [33.5m]' (ibid.). The causewayed entrance at NE was described as a 'causeway, which is merely the length of the fosse left uncut, and lined with a stone facing on each of its vertical sides. Externally this causeway is 27 ft. 5 ins. [8.3m] in breadth; internally it is a little less, as the sides taper to some extent. There is no indication of a pavement, or of a protecting wall along the edges; nor yet of a gateway of any kind at the entrance to the causeway'. The inner causewayed entrance was described as 'a similar causeway, 21 feet [6.4m] across. This causeway rises to the entrance through the Inner Vallum by a rather steep slope. As the visitor enters, his left-hand side is flanked by the Fourth Radial Wall. This must have been a structure of great and imposing massive ness. The remains indicated a thickness of no less than 7 ft. 8 ins [2.3m]. The wall, or rather its much disturbed ruin, runs for a length of 27 feet [8.2m]; it was probably longer in its original state. On the visitor's right hand there is nothing but the facing of the causeway, 2 ft. [0.6m] to 2 ft. 6 ins. [0.76m] across, which may possibly have risen above the surface to form a protecting wall over the edge of the fosse. The passage through the Inner Vallum, to which these causeways give access, is 8 ft. [2.4m] in breadth, and is paved, especially on the southern side, with sandstone flags. The sides of the entrance are composed of masonry jambs, of which only the bottom course remains, to a height of about 1 foot [0.3m]; the building on the southern side is rather more perfect and regular than on the northern side. Here the line of the jamb is prolonged and curves round in a single row of stones 2 ft. [0.6m] thick, to form what appears to be a sort of sentry-box, semicircular on plan, and 3 ft. 2 ins. [0.96m] in maximum diameter (internally)'. The inner courtyard area of the ringfort was described by the excavators as consisting of a 'Central Court triangular in shape. The south-eastern side is formed by the vallum; the western and northern sides by walls, now ruined to their foundations, and so much despoiled that their outline is not a little indefinite. The northern wall is not straight, but runs in a curved line, concave to the court. The court measures 52 ft. [15.85m] east to west, 68 ft. [20.7m] north to south; the sunk area measures about 30 ft. [9.1m] north to south. The floor of the court, on the northern side of the sunk area, is paved with flags of sandstone. No pavement remains on the southern side, or in the sunk area, except near the entrance, where there is a poor pavement, chiefly of limestone. The wall forming the northern boundary of the Central Court has three doorways, which give access to two courts between it and the site of the vallum (which is here destroyed on its inner face). Two of these doorways lead into the eastern court (A), the third into the western. The walls surrounding these courts were roughly built from the first, and the spoilers have left them in so complete a state of ruin that they are difficult to trace. The maximum