Ecclesiastical site in Townparks (ballybrit By.)

Birr is situated in the low-lying fertile valley of the Little Brosna River. The town (OF035-012----) developed SE of the castle (OF035-012004-) and within the bounds of a pronounced meander in the River Camcor. The Camcor joins the Little Brosna to NW of the town. St Brendan reputedly established a monastery here in the 6th century which subsequently became a prestigious and influential foundation and one of the most celebrated members of St Columcille's great federation of churches. Ancient monastic site founded by St. Brendan in the seventh century associated with the illuminated manuscript known as the 'Gospels of Mac Regol' now housed in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (Bradley 1986, 20). Located in the border area between the provinces of Munster, Meath, Leinster and Connacht and itself located in the territory of Eile in Munster, the monastic settlement was frequently chosen as a venue for the meetings of both kings and churchmen, perhaps the most significant of which were the synods of AD 697 and 1174. Present remains consist of a poorly preserved remains of multiperiod square shaped church (OF035-012001-) built with roughly coursed limestone with large sandstone quoin stones with 17th-century tower three storeys high added to the S end of W wall which is located in centre of a large irregular shaped graveyard containing 18th and 19th century memorials. The church (OF035-012001-) and graveyard (OF035-012002-) were possibly built on the site of the ancient monastery of Birr. Six machine-excavated trenches were dug by Ellen O'Carroll of the Archaeology Company under licence no. 04E1279 in the lanes and yards formed by the various ranges of buildings of the three former properties on Main St.. The results from all six were consistent, showing that the earliest activity in this part of the site was 18th-century in date. Two phases of cobble surfaces were found, with an intermediate make-up layer of rubble and silty clay containing 19th-century pottery and brick fragments. The lower cobble layer was intermittently on top of thin dark-brown silty clay, which may have been a buried soil horizon. However, it was generally sitting on top of greenish-grey sandy clay natural. This change in yard surfaces probably represents the amalgamation of the properties sometime in the 19th century and the creation of a uniform ground level throughout. A single building, Building A, retains the original ground level associated with the earlier cobbling. Architecturally, this building's thin walls, shallow roof pitch, symmetrical window and door layout, together with its significance as being the earliest recognisable structure in the sequencing of the buildings on site, suggests that it is of 18th-century date and that the cobbling, by association, is of a similar age. A stone-lined well at the east end of the main yard, outside the buildings, was also uncovered. It is probable that the well is contemporary with the structures. No finds or features of archaeological significance were uncovered during the testing of the built-up area. A further five machine-excavated trenches were dug to assess the potential of the garden area. Testing revealed the existence of significant archaeological material, including three burials, towards the western end. Two separate pits with signs of oxidisation and a potential ditch were also found. All of this material appears to be confined to an area that extends c. 13m from the western boundary wall, which is common to St Brendan's graveyard. A variation in subsoil towards the west side of the garden also corresponds with this area. The sediment sequence at the east end of the garden towards the built-up area was clear-cut, with topsoil coming straight onto natural. The garden soil contained occasional broken 19th-century ceramic pieces, including Denby jars and locally produced clay pipes. In the west side of the garden, within the 13m area, the topsoil was on top of mid-brown silty clay, which in turn was on natural. It appears that a substantial amount of topsoil was imported onto site during the 18th/19th centuries, especially in the east side, to bring the garden to the level it is at today. The variation in subsoil in the west end may be an earlier surviving surface associated with the burials, which, because of their proximity to the medieval church and graveyard of St Brendan's, are of probable medieval date. The western boundary wall is probably a product of the laying out of this part of Birr in the 18th to 19th centuries and does not correspond to the original extents of the churchyard. Therefore, it is possible that the archaeological activity within the 13m area of the western wall is a surviving part of the medieval townscape of Birr that is earlier than the 17th-century redevelopment of the town by the Earls of Rosse. The discovery of human remains outside the current boundary wall suggests that the church precinct was originally larger than it is today. Ellen O'Carroll, The Archaeology Company, 17 Castle Street, Dalkey, Co. Dublin. Compiled by: Caimin O'Brien. Date of revision: 23 April 2009