Abbey (in ruins) — Rathduff (madden)

In low-lying terrain on what was formerly an island, with the Kings River flowing along the N side and a channel forming the S side. The later walled and turreted extension lies S of the channel. The foundation lies immediately N of an early medieval church (KK027-009----) dedicated to St Kieran of Sighir with the possible remains of an ecclesiastical enclosure (Clyne 2007, 19). The medieval town of Kells (KK027-029----) is located c. 400m to the E. According to Gwynn and Hadcock (1988, 181), in 1183 Geoffry fitz Robert founded a small collegiate establishment in the church of St. Keran of Kenlis, in honour of St. Mary, for four secular priests before bringing over four Augustinian canons from Bodmin Priory, Cornwall at a later date. However, Empey (2007, 1-3) argues that a foundation date of 1193 seems more likely as the land was granted to Geoffrey fitz Robert by William Marshal, who had only gained possession of Leinster in 1192. One of the four canons from Bodmin, Hugh de Rous, became the prior and also became the first Anglo-Norman bishop of Ossory in 1202 (ibid. 4). Over the next three centuries the priory’s fortunes where entwined with those of the neighbouring town. Kells was burnt by William de Bermingham in 1252, the area was devastated by the Bruce invasion in 1317 and Kells sacked by the Fitzgeralds of Desmond ten years later in 1327 (Gwynn and Hadcock 1988, 181; Empey 2007, 5). It would appear that local families were heavily invested in the fortunes of the priory, particularly the Lahys, Tobins and Whites. Empey (ibid. 6-7) relates how two members of the Lahy, or Lacy, family from the Ballytobin area, John and Thomas respectively, occupied the priorship from 1427 for nineteen years and from 1492 to 1508. Nicholas White, who was unlawful prior from c. 1446 to 1469, fought off an episcopal challenge for the priory from the bishop of Emly, despite the latter having papal support (ibid.). Following White’s death another local man, Nicholas Jon, was elected prior by the canons who were ‘not in ignorance’ of the bishop’s right (ibid.). Jon was succeeded by Edmund Stapleton who in 1471 informed the pope that ‘divine worship in the said priory is neglected’, and then by John Karne who was elected in 1474 and eventually legalised his position (ibid.). The walled enclosure at Kells priory dates to the later 15th century, between 1450 and 1475 (ibid. 7-8). Two documents dated to the later 15th century explicitly mention the prior’s ‘vill’, the term ‘villa prioris’ being used at this period to indicated the incastellated enclosure adjoining the S side of the priory (ibid.). The ‘vill’ is described as being separate from the adjacent town and also reference is made to the towers which appear to have served a residential function (ibid. 8). The enclosed area itself appears to have functioned as a bawn, chiefly designed to protect tenants and cattle of the adjoining demesne and grange in time of disturbance (ibid.). Following the dissolution of the priory in 1540, it was found that the ‘the priory church had been parochial from time immemorial and that all other buildings were necessary for the farmer’ (Gwynn and Hadcock 1988, 181). The last prior, Nicholas Tobin, retained the rectory of Kells and two canons were granted pensions (Empey 2007, 6; Gwynn and Hadcock 1988, 181). The lands and possessions of the priory were granted to James, Earl of Ormond (ibid.). In 1603 an estate, included the monastic remains, was granted to Margaret Fitzgerald, the countess of Ormond and it is her name which appears on the Down Survey (1655-6) barony map of Kells as proprietor in 1640 (Empey 2007, 8). The Down Survey (1655-6) barony map of Kells shows the walled priory divided into two precincts (Hibernia Regnum, courtesy of Trinity College Dublin). A detailed survey of the complex was carried out by Tietzsch-Tyler (1993) and archaeological excavations were carried out over several seasons by Thomas Fanning (1972-5, 1980) and Miriam Clyne (1996) (Clyne 2007). The upstanding remains consist of the church with the claustral range to the S and the precinct walls, built of roughly coursed limestone rubble with some sandstone, though the latter was used primarily for architectural details in the 13th century. The chancel was completed before 1218 as Hugh de Rous was buried there (Clyne 2007, 491). Clyne (ibid.) suggests that in fact the entire original church may have been constructed by this date as, ‘the nave was extended and an aisle built before the cloister arcade was erected, probably c. 1225-50 (ibid.). The original church was cruciform in plan, with a chancel and aisleless nave and transepts extending from the crossing, each with a chapel extending eastward. Upstanding remains from this first phase are visible within the surviving fabric, as described by Clyne (ibid.), ‘the original openings, in early Gothic style, are in dressed sandstone and mouldings are limited to chamfers. The best-preserved feature is the archway to the south transept. A matching archway leading to the north transept stood opposite. The nave had three doorways – this number of entrances was required to cater for the canons and the laity who attended the church. There were opposing doorways at the western end and the base for the north doorway was revealed on excavation…The doorway at the eastern end of the cloister was the main entrance for the canons’. Only one window survives, a lancet window in the S wall of the nave, though none of its architectural details survive (ibid.). The church roof was timber covered with slates and decorative green-glazed ceramic ridge tiles (ibid.). By the mid-13th century the nave had been lengthened and a tower and aisle constructed on the N side when the nave was enlarged (ibid. 496). The original N wall of the church was replaced by a four-bay arcade (ibid.). It is likely that the S doorway was rebuilt at this time with roll and hollow mouldings replacing the chamfered mouldings of the original doorway (ibid.). Clyne (ibid.) suggests that the NW tower may have been a two-storey belfry originally before being rebuilt in the 15th century. Excavation showed that before the end of the 14th-century the tower roof and interior were destroyed by fire as well as the W end of the nave (ibid. 497). In the second half of the 13th century the chancel was extended eastward (ibid. 501). It was lit by an E window, now broken out, consisted of five graded lights, with the roll-mouldings and chamfers of the edge of the embrasure surviving, and a three tall lancets with edge roll-mouldings in the S wall (ibid. 502). Two of these lancets were blocked up in the 15th century and only the jamb of the third survives (ibid. 49). There are four segmental-headed tomb niches in the chancel, two in the N and S walls respectively. The limestone engaged columns on either side have bases with half-round mouldings and capitals carved with botanical motifs on rounded abaci similar to those found at the medieval parish church at Gowran (KK020-060006-) which has been dated to from c. 1260 to 1275 (Stalley 1971, 75-80; Barry 1985, 42-3; Clyne 2007, 49). The interior had a smooth plaster finish and was decorated with a false ashlar masonry pattern in red paint (ibid.). Plaster in the S transept and in the reveal of one of the blocked 13th-century lancets in the S wall of the chancel had traces of deep red and black paint while two of the tomb niches in the chancel were painted orange, with the suggestion of painted figures found of fragments of plaster (ibid. 502). Probably contemporary with the chancel extension was the building of a Lady Chapel immediately N of the chancel (ibid. 50). To facilitate this the original E wall of the side chapel of the N transept was demolished and the chapel extended (ibid.). A doorway provides access between the chancel to the Lady Chapel and its surround is shared with a poorly preserved conjoined sedillia and piscina in the S wall. Part of the round-head